#Typing instructor platinum 21 torrent plus#
The Hain LifeScience Genotype MTBDR plus line probe assay (LPA) is one of the most widely used. tuberculosis drug resistance and have been approved for use by the World Health Organization (WHO). In recent years, several commercially available nucleic acid-based assays have been developed for determining M. Drug susceptibility tests obtained using the Bactec MGIT 960 system are reliable and reproducible ( 1, 14) however, this methodology requires handling of viable and potentially infectious cultures, days to weeks until results are obtained, specialized laboratory facilities, expensive consumables, and instrument maintenance. For example, the Bactec MGIT 960 system (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) is an automated, continuously culture-based monitoring platform that measures bacterial oxygen consumption and is used for phenotypic DST. However, it is time-consuming (weeks to months), technically challenging, and cost prohibitive, especially in resource-limited countries. tuberculosis strains underscores the immediate need for rapid and highly accurate diagnosis, particularly in the developing countries of Africa.Ĭurrently, the “gold standard” for identification of MDR strains is culture-based drug susceptibility testing (DST). There are approximately 10,000 newly reported cases of MDR TB each year in South Africa ( 30), with a mortality rate of more than 10% in patients infected with MDR M. Approximately 9.6% of all TB cases are caused by MDR strains, and South Africa continues to report higher percentages of XDR cases each year ( 20, 28). tuberculosis strains are resistant to both RIF and INH as well as fluoroquinolones (FQs) and second-line injectable antibiotic drugs, i.e., amikacin (AMK), kanamycin (KAN), and capreomycin (CAP). tuberculosis strains are resistant to first-line antibiotics rifampin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH), while XDR M. tuberculosis have been hindered by increasing cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) clinical isolates. Moreover, effective treatment measures in patients with active M. Since 1997, tuberculosis has remained the leading cause of death in South Africa ( 19, 29), a statistic linked to this country's growing HIV epidemic ( 25). Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent for tuberculosis (TB), is a highly transmissible bacterial pathogen with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in HIV-infected patients.
#Typing instructor platinum 21 torrent torrent#
Ion Torrent sequencing may facilitate tracking and monitoring geographically diverse multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains and could potentially be integrated into selected regional and reference settings throughout Africa, India, and China. Importantly, previously uncharacterized mutations in rpoB (V194I), rrs (G878A), and pncA (Q122Stop) genes were observed. In several rifampin-resistant isolates, Ion Torrent sequencing revealed uncommon substitutions (H526R and D516G) that did not have a defined mutation by LPA. Ion Torrent sequencing exhibited 100% (26/26) concordance to phenotypic resistance obtained by MGIT 960 culture and genotypic rpoB and katG results by LPA. Five genes- rpoB (rifampin), katG (isoniazid), pncA (pyrazinamide), gyrA (ofloxacin/fluoroquinolone), and rrs (aminoglycosides)-were amplified and sequenced, and results were compared to those obtained by genotypic Hain line probe assay (LPA) and phenotypic Bactec MGIT 960 analysis using 26 geographically diverse South African clinical isolates collected between July and November 2011. A novel protocol for full-length Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene analysis of first- and second-line drug resistance was developed using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM).
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